RESUMO
Resumen Los factores laborales pueden producir burnout en diferentes grados y a ciertos trabajadores; aunque todos estén expuestos al mismo contexto, no todos se afectan de igual manera, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio es determinar si el rasgo de personalidad-compromiso puede ser un elemento protector de burnout en el profesorado de nivel medio, considerando como hipótesis si sus niveles son independientes a los niveles de compromiso como rasgo de la personalidad. En este estudio participaron 134 docentes de la Unidad Educativa Velasco Ibarra de la ciudad de Milagro, Ecuador, con edades entre 26 y 64 años. Luego de los permisos correspondientes, se les administró el Inventario de Preferencias y Personalidad PAPI 3N de forma online, que contiene 12 necesidades y 14 roles descritos en 161 enunciados sobre el trabajador y su tarea, los cuales se ven enfocados en siete escalas, entre las que se encuentra el compromiso-escala que será utilizada para este estudio y que está conformada por la Necesidad de apoyar y el Rol de enfocarse al trabajo, y que forma parte del gran factor Responsabilidad. Para la variable burnout se utiliza el Cuestionario de Maslach para docentes (MBI-Ed), administrado de manera presencial, que consta de 22 ítems diseñados en escala de Likert y tres escalas: agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y realización personal. Se comprobó que los niveles de burnout dependen de los niveles del rasgo de personalidad compromiso (χ2(4) = 11.919; p = .18) y los resultados podrían mostrar que se convierte en un elemento protector del burnout.
Abstract Multiple labor factors can produce burnout in workers; however, the effects related to this syndrome don't affect equally all employees exposed to the same conditions, so it's suggested that one of the factors may be related to personality (Pérez, Molero, Martos & Gasquez, 2019). Personality is studied according to behavior of each individual facing of certain events (Mischel, 2004). Constantly, the structure of five major personality factors (responsibility, kindness, extroversion, neuroticism and openness) have shown to be universal (McCrae, Costa, del Pilar, Rolland & Parker, 1998; McCrae & Terracciano, 2005) and the most used in labor area (Sanz, Gil, Barrasa & García, 2006). Studying burnout levels and identifying its possible causes has permitted relate this syndrome to aspects of: Pathological symptomatology (Giménez, Gilla, Morán & Olaz, 2019), working environment (Gago, Martínez & Alegre, 2017), personality aspects (Llanque, 2014) and with other variables. However, this situation continues showing itself, which motivated the objective of the present study. It's oriented to determine if the commitment personality trait can be a protective element against burnout in middle level teachers, considering as a hypothesis: Are high or low levels of burnout independent from high or low levels of commitment as a personality trait? An intentional sample of 134 middle level teachers was used, between the ages of 26 and 64, in which 64 % were women and the rest were men. To those who it was administered, after the corresponding permissions, The PAPI 3N Preferences and Personality Inventory online, which contains 12 needs and 14 roles described in 161 statements about the workers and their task, focus on seven scales. One of the great factors of the personality is responsibility, which forms the scale of the Commitment, which will be used for this study and that is conformed by the need to support and the role to focus on work, these personality indicators are those that, according to the authors, are associated to the teachers' activity. For the burnout variable, is used the Maslach Questionnaire for Teachers (MBI-Ed), which is administered in a face-to-face way, and consists of 22 items designed in a Likert scale and 3 scales; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Among the most important results we found a relationship between the commitment personality trait and the burnout levels existing in people (-.315) as well as with emotional exhaustion (-.195) and depersonalization (-.202), coinciding with the contribution of Sánchez (2013) and with Pérez, Molero, Martos and Gásquez (2019), who mention a causal relationship between both, the hypothesis test allowed the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis (χ2(4) = 11.919; p = .018). It can be concluded that the compromise personality trait becomes a protective element against burnout.